Defining the Good Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Defining the Good Life - Essay Example Wealth, health, a life without sorrow and pain are some of what seem to give people satisfaction, one that is said to be a good life. Perhaps it is. For the Greeks, a good life is one that shows happiness. It is then a matter of getting the most of what one has. For instance, a person who is lacking in wealth, according to the definition of the Greeks, can still have a good life depending on how he lives his life. That certain individual can either live in misery which is the extreme opposite of a good life or live so that he would make his life worthwhile and productive, a life that is flourishing. Human flourishing is a wonderful parallelism of the Greeks to a good life because it is perhaps the most accurate or closest accurate definition. Growing well is indeed one of the measures that show how a life is well-lived. It is not just a matter of living in luxury but it is also how a person lives to acquire a luxurious life, having the virtues a good life brings. This means that, in the case of wealthy people, they should not just enjoy what they have but strive to maintain and grow their wealth. However during the process, they should also maintain ethical attributes to keep them proud and satisfied with their achievements. When a person progresses or gains more wealth through illegal means or by using and abusing other people; that individual will definitely feel ashamed of himself. In fact, people who prosper in such a manner always live in fear of government authorities or their rivals and the people they have hurt. They may live in luxury, have money to burn but they do not have a good life because of the absence of the virtues they should possess. As the famous Socrates said, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living for† (facultyfiles.frostburg.edu). Indeed, when an individual does not examine himself, he tends to commit mistakes and repeats them time and again. Obviously, a life full of mistakes and without virtues is miserable and undesirabl e. It is not a good life. Being a philosopher, Socrates was actually pointing out to the critical examination of things, events and ideas, the contemplation, self-examination and open-minded wondering (facultyfiles.frostburg.edu) that lead to finding the reasons for everything. A good life is a life of reasonable reasons. Reasons abound but if they are well thought, they make sense and therefore show the energy put into it. However, when reasons are shallow, they often look and sound ridiculous, exposing the life of the person that is not worth living. In relation to the aforementioned discussion on having virtues, it is acquired by having a well-examined life. One who thinks about himself and knows his strengths and weaknesses would definitely be able to build up the strengths and work on his weaknesses in order for him to become a better person. For instance, when a person knows that he has talents in arts, he can do something to develop his gift and become skillful and successful regardless of his situations. A person who knows he is gifted but does nothing to improve it spends no time contemplating about what a privilege he has, has a life not worth living. Self-examination in itself is a virtue and indulging in it develops more virtues in an individual. For example, a man who examines himself develops honesty. It would be futile to examine one’s self and deny what he sees because this will cause a person to lose his virtues instead of gaining them. However, if a man scrutinizes himself and recognizes and accepts his weaknesses and faults, positive changes follow which is the development of more virtues that show what a real good life

Choose either 100 best poems for Children or Peter Pan Essay

Choose either 100 best poems for Children or Peter Pan - Essay Example Peter Pan; or the Boy who Wouldn’t Grow Up, when first staged in 1904, was received with almost unanimous enthusiasm. The critics though appreciative were ‘a little cautious and puzzled’ (Watson, 2009, p. 143); and not surprisingly so. Peter Pan was no ordinary children’s tale. With its queer mixture of childlike fantasy and very adult dark humour, even the first, spectacular viewing of the play must have hinted at the layers of subliminal messages it contained. Peter Pan evidently deserved further penetration. The Peter Pan myth, as indeed it grew to become, has been interpreted with various perspectives. The Spectacle used in the play, the psychological character of Peter and Wendy’s relationship, the biographical link to Barrie’s own experiences with the Llewellyn Davies boys – have all been scrutinised and commented upon. But the most prominent observation the play seems to make, and Barrie through it, is on the divide separating ch ildren and grown-ups. What does Peter Pan say about childhood and adulthood? Or to divide it further, on girlhood and boyhood? Does this commentary hold ground a hundred years after its inception? In what ways have its interpretations changed? Children are known (and often rebuked) for asking too many questions: what better way to begin such an exploration than to try and answer these? Barrie’s treatment of adult males in his play might be a good place to begin. Neither of the two significant men characters, Mr. Darling and Captain Hook, is portrayed charitably. Mr. Darling has the trappings of a characteristic patriarchal head, but that is all. He holds no real authority, either at the workplace ‘where he sits on a stool all day, as fixed as a postage stamp’ (Barrie, 2008 [1904], Act I) or at home; as is evident in the scene about the medicine between him and Michael in Act I. Without being too simplistic, one can sum up Mr. Darling as a fussy man, too anxious about social propriety and not

PBL3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PBL3 - Essay Example There is no antibody production. There is destruction of the tissues involved and the organs fail to maintain their normal function. B. Cytopathic autoantibodies: This is the correct answer. Antibodies that are directed against one or more of the individuals own proteins are known as autoantibodies. Cytopathic autoantibodies cause degeneration of the cells they affect. In Graves disease, the autoantibodies are directed against the TSH receptor and mimics action of TSH, stimulating adenyl cyclase and increased release of thyroid hormones resulting in thyrotoxicosis. The antibody is known as long-acting thyroid stimulator or thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin. Another similar autoantibody called thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins cause growth of thyroid follicular epithelium. Similar T cell mediated autoantibody response causes infiltrative ophthalmopathy (Maitra, p.1172). C. Delayed type hypersensitivity: Inflammatory reactions initiated by mononuclear leukocytes are known as delayed hypersensitivity reactions. These reactions are mediated by T cells and monocytes/macrophages rather than by antibodies and are major mechanism of defense against various intracellular pathogens. They also occur in transplant rejection and tumor immunity. This reaction is not seen in Graves disease. Hence this is not the correct answer (Hinshaw, eMedicine). D. Immediate hypersensitivity: Immediate hypersensitivity is an allergic reaction provoked by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen. The plasma cells secrete IgE. The effects of this reaction are vasodilatation and smooth-muscle contraction. Hence this is not the correct answer. E. Immune complex disease: Combination of an epitope with an antibody is immune complex reaction. The effects are due to deposition of these complexes in various organs. This type of reaction is not seen in Graves disease. Hence this is not

Atlas Honda Motorcycle company †BRM report Essay Example for Free

Atlas Honda Motorcycle company – BRM report Essay Atlas Auto Limited manufactures and markets Honda Motorcycle under a technical assistance agreement with Honda Motorcycle Company LTD. of Japan. An epoch-making event in the history of the company cementing of Atlas Honda relation with Honda Motorcycle Company LTD. Of Japan becoming as equity-holder in Atlas in 1988. Due to the suitability wide range and high quality of the product, Honda motorcycles are by for the best selling motorcycle in the country. Turnover has risen from Rs. 2. 5 million in 1965 to Rs. 830 million in1987. Pakistan’s motorcycle market size is still relatively quite small Nevertheless. Atlas has undertaken to develop local manufacturing capabilities to the highest-level economically feasible while a major role in localization has been assigned to vendor industries. Atlas has invested Rs. 197 million in fixed assets between 1983 and1987 to develop the country largest in house manufacturing capacity in the industry. By end of 1988 local component will go upto 70% of Atlas product. Atlas management is strivings to modernize company operation by adapting applicable aspects of research and theory and more especially Honda’s philosophy and practices to the realities of  Pakistani Conditions Company management structure and processes are being transferred to meet challenges of growth and change. Effort are being made to develop genuine participation of all levels of personnel in decision making; substantial and effective delegation has been established at all level various participation programmes, such as â€Å"Alaymayar† quality circles movement launched in 1985 are supported to encourage constructive self expression and team work. The company training and development programmes encourage each member to develop himself to his full potential. To support the production facilities the company has established a RD wing and tool making facilities which are set to grow rapidly in size and function. Atlas is playing a pioneering role in creating conditions for easy and confident use of motorcycle all over the country. A vast network of motorcycle, service and share parts dealers has been established to provide dependable service to every motorcycle user. To back up this system, Atlas has set up a permanent motorcycle technical training center in Lahore which provide several courses of varying duration and complexity for motorcycle mechanics user each year. Mobile training facilities take the latest know how on technology and maintenance of motorcycles to major rural centers around the country. ORGANIZATION HISTORY The established year of Atlas Autos Limited in 1963. In 1964 Atlas entered into technical assistance agreement with Honda Motorcycle Company of Japan for manufacturing and assembly of Honda Motorcycle in Pakistan. It is the only Public Limited Company in the industry of Pakistan. Atlas Autos Limited operate two plants one at Panjdarys Sheikhpura Road Lahore. Both Plants are franchises and have relationship of technical collaboration. MANAGEMENT OF ATLAS AUTOS. In 1964 Atlas autos started business as assembler of Honda Motorcycle, than they came into the business of import Honda spare parts. The organization set up of Atlas is as follows:- A Board of Director consists of 7 members, elect a chairman, chairman has all managerial authority. Chairman is selected out of directors and It is the responsibility of chairman to conduct the business on a satisfactory line and maximize the profit. After the chairman then comes C. E. O (Chief executive officer). Then for assistance of chairman and C. E. O personal manager, accounts manager, production manager and marketing manager are selected. Seven managers are working under C. E. O each manager is responsible for respective function. There are two sales managers one for North Zone and one for south Zone. In the every zone two provinces. In the North Zone come Punjab, NWFP and Azad Kashmir. In south zone Sindh and Baluchistan. In north zone there are three regions. 1- Lahore 2- Multan 3- Rawalpindi The head of every region is regional manager. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The main purpose of my research is:- v To Visualize and identify these factors that contribute to the demand of Honda Motorcycle in Multan city (Punjab, Pakistan). v To recommend suggestion to increase the demand of Honda Motorcycle and getting much marketing share. RESEARCH DESIGN Research design is the arrangement to condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine the relevance to research purpose with economy in procedure. Measurement For the measurement of attitude of people, We used open-ended questions as well as fixed alternative questions in our questionnaire. Sampling The basic idea in sampling is that the analysis of some of the element in the population provide useful information’s about entire population. An element is the subject on which the  measurement is being taken. It can be called as the unit of study. Population is the total collection of element about which we wish to make increase. For the selection of sample, we used the stratified sampling. We divide the Mutlan city into 4 regions which are given as under: 1. Gulgasht 2. Hussain Agahi 3. Shah Rukan Alam 4. Cantt After dividing the Multan city into different region. The we used random sampling and select 25 respondents from evry region. Our target respondents are the customers and dealers of Honda Motor Cycle. Sample Size Dealers and customers of Honda Motor Cycle are easily available, so it is easy to select a big  sample size. For the purpose of our research We selected a sample of 100 customers and 3 dealers of Honda Motor Cycle, because of the time constraint that’s why we selected these customers and dealers. Data Collection Method The report is based on primary data. Information are directly taken form the customers and dealers of Honda Motor Cycle for the particular purpose. For that purpose we developed two questionnaire ( for customers and dealers ). We have conducted personal survey method. The main qualities of this survey method are as fellows: 1. The most important features of this method is that it leads towards high participation. Moreover, in personally interview the interview can carry with additional information’s. 2. The props and visual aids can also enhance the vision of knowledge of interviewer. The interviewer has more control over the personal interview than other interrogation types. 3. The greatest value of this method is the depth and detail of information that can be secured. It for exceeds in volume and quality, the information we can usually secure from telephone and mail survey. 4. The interview can do more things to improve the quality of the information received than with other methods. Respondent motivation is heavily in the hand of the interviewer. Studies of reaction to a number of surveys indicate that respondents can be motivated to participate in personal interviews. Medium of Communication All the users of Honda Motor Cycle are not educated. So we adopt different style. For educated persons we use the same questionnaire. But for uneducated persons we translate the questionnaire for them. Questionnaire For Consumers Q. 1: What is your Occupation? REPONSES % AGE Student 15 15% Govt. Employee 40 40% Business man 20 20% Others 25 25% Total 100 100% Conclusion: In our respondents 15 persons are students, 40 are Govt. Employee, 20 business man and 25 are related to other occupation. From this result we can say the users of Honda Motorcycle are Govt. Employee and Other occupation. Q. 2: What is your Income Group? REPONSES % AGE 5000-10000 30 30% 11000-15000 40 40% 16000-20000 20 20% 21000-25000 8 8% 26000-above 2 2% Total 100 100% Conclusion: The respondents whose income is 5000 to 10000 are 30, 11000 to 15000 are 40, from 16000 to 20000 are 20, from 21000 to 25000 are 8 and finally 26000 and above are only 2. So we can say that the user of Honda Motorcycle is middle family people so it is bike of economical people. Q. 3: What is your preference? RESPONSES % AGE Yamaha 0 0% Honda 100 100% Suzuki 0 0% Total 100 100% Conclusion: We have interviewed just those persons who are driving Honda Motor Cycle so preference for this sample comes to 100%. Q. 4: You yourself purchased it? RESPONSES % AGE Yes 92 No 8 Total 100 Conclusion: Out of a sample of 100 respondent 92 were of the view that they personally purchased the bike and 8 said that is give to them by their company. So it means that 92% people have purchased the bike personally which 8% people got it from their company. Q. 5: When did you purchase Honda Motorcycle? RESPONSES % AGE Before 1984 0 0% 1985-1990 10 10% 1991-1995 20 20% 1996-2000 25 25% After 2000 45 45% Total 100 100% Conclusion: When we asked this question to respondent, out of 100, 10 were those who purchased during 1985-1990, 20 were those who purchased during 1991-1995, 25 were those who purchased during 1996-2000 and finally 45 were those who purchased after 2000 so we can say that the market or demand of latest model is more than others. Q. 6: Why you purchase Honda Motorcycle? Because of RESPONSES % AGE Fuel consumption 58 58% Less Noisy 0 0% Parts Availability 0 0% All of the above 42 42% Total. Conclusion: Out of 100 respondents, 58 persons said that they preferred Honda Motorcycle due to fuel consumption, and 42 persons say that they purchase Honda motorcycle because of all these qualities which mention are present in the motorcycle. So we can say mostly people purchase Honda motorcycle because of Fuel consumption. Q. 7: have you used any other brand of Motorcycle? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 45 45% No 55 55% Total 100 100% Conclusion: When we asked this question, 45 respondents said that they used other brand of motorcycle while 55 persons told us that they never used any other brand of Motorcycle. Q. 8: If yes then what is the reason of change? RESPONSES %AGE Fuel consumption 40 88. 888% Spare part availability 0 0% Any other mention 5 11. 111% Total 45 100% Conclusion: In response to this question 40 respondent said that they have change previous motorcycle with Honda motorcycle because petrol average per liter of previous motorcycle is very low as compared to Honda motorcycle and 5 respondent said that any other mention like there machines are not easily available and etc. Q. 9: What is average coverage of your Motorcycle per liter? RESPONSES %AGE 40-50 15 15% 51-60 60 60% 61-70 25 25% 71-80 0 0%. Total 100 100% Conclusion: In the regard of this question, 15 person said that their bike cover 41-50 km per litter while 60 respondents said 51-60,and 25 respondent said 61-70. So I can say it is a main factor of Honda bike. Q. 10: Do the spare parts easily available? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 100 100% No 0 0% Total 100 100% Conclusion: When I asked this question, response to this question is 100% in favor. The respondents said they have to never face any problem because the spare parts of Honda Motorcycle are easily available. So it is also a main cause that Honda motorcycle has an edge on other Motorcycle. Q. 11: Do you think that fuel consumption affect your purchase decision? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 91 91% No 9 9% Total 100 100% Conclusion: In the response of this question all respondent said that fuel consumption affect their purchasing decision. They said we can save our money. Because expense of this motorcycle is less as compare to other motorcycle. Q. 12: If Yes then how much? RESPONSES %AGE Very much 60 65. 94% High 20 21. 98% Low 0 0% Normal 11 12. 1% Total 91 100% Conclusion: Out of 100 respondent 60 said that fuel consumption affect their decision very much while 20 said that it is high affect on their decision. While 11 said that fuel consumption has normal affect on their decision. Q. 13: Do you think the price of motorcycle affect your buying decision? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 56 56% No 44 44% Total 100 100% Conclusion: In the response of this question, 56 respondent are those said that price affect their purchasing decision while other 44 respondent told that price does not affect their purchasing decision. Q. 14: If yes than up to what extent? RESPONSES %AGE High 32 57. 15% Normal 22 39. 29% Low 2 3. 58% Total 56 100% Conclusion: Out of 56 respondents are those who said that price affect their purchasing decision, 32 persons  said price has high affect while 22 respondent said that price has normal affect and finally 2 respondent said that it has low affect on their buying decision. Q. 15: Do the mechanics easily available for the repair of Motorcycle? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 100 100% No 0 0% Total 100 100% Conclusion: When we asked this question the entire respondent said that mechanics are easily available for the repair of Honda Motorcycle. So it is also a main factor that Honda Motorcycle captured the market and spread all over the country. Q. 16: What is the resale value of Honda motorcycle after four years? RESPONSES %AGE More then half price 70 70% Equal to half price 29 29% Less than half price 1 1% Total 100 100% Conclusion: Honda Motorcycle is a cash deposit bike. You can cash it at any time. When we asked about the resale value all respondent said that they preferred Honda Motorcycle because it will be sold more than half price. Some respondent said that they sold Honda motorcycle more than their original price. So it is an important factor of Honda Motorcycle. Q. 17: What is the performance of its shocks? RESPONSES %AGE Very good 25 25% Good 55 55% Normal 20 20% Bad 0 0% Very Bad 0 0%. Total 100 100% Conclusion: In response to this question, 25 respondent said V. Good, 55 said Good and 20 people said the performance of shocks is normal. So we can say that the over all performance of shocks is good. Q. 18: What is the performance of its engine? RESPONSES %AGE Very Good 25 25% Good 70 70% Normal 5 5% Bad 0 0% Very Bad 0 0% Total 100 100% Conclusion: 25 respondents said that performance of engine is V. Good 70 respondent said good while 5 person said normal. So it is a main cause due to which Honda Motorcycle captured the market. Q. 19: How is it’s electric system (cdi) ? RESPONSES %AGE Very Good 14 14% Good 40 40% Normal 45 45% Bad 0 0% Very Bad 0 0% No (cdi system) 1 1% Total 100 100% Conclusion: 14% respondent said V. Good, 40% said good and 45% respondent said Normal electric system and 1 respondent said that he has no cdi system I his motorcycle. So over all we can say that Honda electric system of Honda Motorcycle is good. Q. 20: How is the pick up of Honda Motorcycle? RESPONSES %AGE Very Good 5 5% Good 20 20% Normal 75 75% Bad 0 0% Very Bad 0 0% Total 100 100% Conclusion: 5% people said that pick up of Honda Motorcycle power sV. Good, 20% said good and 75%. respondent said its pickup is normal. From this result we conclude that Honda motorcycle is economical bike for the people. Q. 21: Is it a balanced bike? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 100 100% No 0 0% Total 100 100% Conclusion: From 100 respondent all the respondent said that it is a Balanced Bike. So we can conclude that it is balanced bike. Q. 22: Have you seen any Advertise of Honda Motorcycle on TV or any other media like Newspaper, journal etc? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 80 805 No 20 205 Total 100 100% Conclusion: Out of 100 respondents 80 says that they have seen the advertisement of Honda motorcycle and  20 says that they haven’t seen it. So we can say that most of the people have seen the advertisement of Honda Motorcycle. Q. 23: Whether the advertisement of Honda Motorcycle is Impressive? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 30 37. 5% No 50 62. 5% Total 80 100% Conclusion: In the response of this question 37. 5% respondent said that advertisement of Honda CD 70 is impressive while 62. 5% said that it is negative. So, we can conclude that advertisement is not good of Honda motorcycle. Q. 24: Do you thing the advertisement affect your purchasing decision? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 10 12. 5% No 70 87. 5% Total 80 100% Conclusion: Out of 80 respondent 10 said that advertisement affect their purchasing decision while 70 said advertisement has no affect on their buying decision. Q. 25: Do you think the market value affect your purchasing decision? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 95 95% No 5 5% Total 100 100% Conclusion: 95% respondent said that market value affect their purchasing decision while 5% said in No. Honda motorcycle is such motorcycle which we can sell it at any time. So it is a main cause Honda motor has an edge on other motorcycle. Q. 26: Are you satisfied with company after sales service? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 75 75% No 25 25% Total 100 100%. Conclusion: In the regard of this question 75 respondents said that they are satisfied with after sales service while 25 respondents said that they are not satisfied. Q. 27: Have you any suggestion about motor cycle to the company? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 30 30% No 70 70% Total 100 100% Conclusion: 30 respondents give different suggestion they said that company make it heavy, Improve the equality make it innovative reduces the prices of spare parts etc. while 70 respondents give no suggestion. Q. 28: What is your education? RESPONSES %AGE Metric 10 10% F. A. 30 30% B. A. 40 40% Masters 20 20% Uneducated 0 0% Total 100 100%. Conclusion: In our respondent 10 are Metric, 30 are F. A. 40 B. A. and 20 respondents are in masters. So we can say educated people mostly used it. Questionnaire For Dealers Q. 1: Why you preferred the dealership of Honda Motorcycle? RESPONSES %AGE Incentive to dealers 0 0% Easily dealership available 0 0% Much sale 3 100% Total 3 100% Conclusion: Out of 3 dealers, all of them preferred the dealership of Honda motorcycle because its sale is more than other motorcycle. Q. 2: How is the security requirement for its dealership? RESPONSES %AGE High 1 33. 333% Low 0 0% Normal 2 66. 667% Total 3 100% Conclusion: 1 respondent said that its security requirement is high, while 2 respondent said that security requirement is normal. Q. 3: How much the incentive given to you? RESPONSES %AGE Very much 2 66. 667% Much 0 0% Normal 0 0% Less 1 33. 333% Total 3 100% Conclusion: 2 dealers said that for it’s dealership a very much security is required and while 1 say that less security is required for it’s dealership. Q. 5: Do you advise your family members, friends to purchase it? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 3 100% No 0 0% Total 3 100% Conclusion: When we asked this question from dealers, the response is 100%. They said that which thing  they sale they must advertise for it. Q. 6: Why people purchase it? Because of RESPONSES %AGE Fuel consumption 2 66. 667% Spare parts availability 0 0% Four stroke 0 0% All of above 1 33. 333% Total 3 100% Conclusion: In response to this question, 2 dealers said that people purchase it due to fuel consumption, and 1 dealer said that people preferred it because all these qualities are in this motorcycle. It is a four stroke, spare parts easily available and also fuel consumption is less as compare to other motorcycle. Q. 7: Do you check the bike before its sale? RESPONSES %AGE Yes 3 100% No 0 0% Total 3 100% Conclusion: In response to this question all dealers said that they check the bike before its sale. Q. 8: How much are your monthly Sale? RESPONSES %AGE 1-10 0 0% 11-20 0 0% 21-30 3 100% Total 3 100% Conclusion; In reply to this question all the dealers said that their monthly average sale is between 21-30. Q. 9: How much profit you get on the sale of a bike? RESPONSES %AGE 1000-2000 0 0% 2001-3000 3 100% More than 3000 0 0% Total 3 100% Conclusion; All the dealers said that there profit is between 2001-3000 from the sale of each motorbike. Q. 10: What is the behavior of its user about it? RESPONSES %AGE Good 0 0% Very Good 3 100%. Normal 0 0% Total 3 100% Conclusion: All the dealers said that the behavior of customers is very good towards Honda Motorcycle. Q. 11: What step you have taken for its promotion? RESPONSES %AGE Not taking steps for its promotion 0 0% Motivating the people suggestion to the company 3 100% Total 3 100% Conclusion: We are taking too many steps. We are increasing sales promotion effort. We are also increasing the advertisement of Honda Motorcycle. We are also tried to motivate the people to purchase it. We held seminars with the help of company and also use P. R and tell the people its advantage. Conclusion Conclusion. After conducting the research we can say that Honda motorcycle is successful and popular in people because of the following reasons: Spare Parts Availability: The spare parts of Honda motorcycle is easily avilavble in the market. If some fault occurs and due to that fault customers has to replace a particular parts, Which is easily available in the market, so customer has to face no problem. It is a main factor due to which Honda motorcycle is too much popular. Resale Value: The customers are strongly satisfied with the resale value of Honda motorcycle. The user can easily sale it more that half price at which he purchased. Some time the user of Honda Motorcycle sale it greater that price at which they purchased so it is a fact users agree with its resale value. Petrol Average: The petrol average of Honda motorcycle is also very good. In the beginning its average is very good and more than 70 km per litter. After some time its average decrease but not too much. The minimum petrol average of Honda motorcycle is 50 according to our survey. It is a very good petrol average. Service And Maintenance: The mechanics are easily available for the repair of motorcycle and they also trained in their work. So consumers have to  Face no problem of service and maintenance. After Sale Service: The company gives free service after sale of motorcycle. Due to this customers are satisfied with its after sales services. Pick up: The pick up power of Honda Motorcycle is good. The pick up power of other motorcycle is very low as compare to Honda Motorcycle. 4Strokes: This quality of Honda Motorcycle make this product different from others motorcycle. It is only 4 stroke motorcycle. Electric System: The electric system of Honda Motorcycle is also to much affective. Design: The management of Honda motorcycle changes the design of motorcycle at the time. Honda Company introduced or replaced 113 models of motorcycle with in 18 months, other companies are not able to introduce new model so quickly. Due to this factor Honda motorcycle is popular. Others: When we asked questions to the customers about the bike, most people said that it is a balanced bike. They showed satisfaction on the meter performance, shocks reliability and speed. One more factor we felt during our survey is that mostly students and Govt. servant like Honda motorcycle and it is more popular in highly educated person the age group 20-25 years and income Rs3000 to 5000.

English Is Considered As Lingua Franca English Language Essay

English Is Considered As Lingua Franca English Language Essay English is considered as lingua franca around the globe. People mostly communicate across cultures in English all over the world. During the process, it is natural that many words of the local languages get their way in and become part of that particular variety of English spoken in that region. This paper aims at finding Urdu words that have become part and parcel of the English language spoken in Pakistani scenario. It is a study of Urdu loan words that got their way in English in everyday communication. For the study, the language of newspaper was chosen as it represents the language in use. English daily the Dawn was selected for the purpose as it is most circulated newspaper in Pakistan. The paper elucidates that there are a large number of Urdu words which are part of English. Chapter I INTRODUCTION Newspapers have become an essential part of modern life. The modern man starts his day by reading over the news with a cup of tea. Equally unimaginable is a morning without the daily newspaper for some people. It is because newspapers are seen everywhere in the world. They are printed and published in each and every language known to man all over the world. Newspapers are called the mirrors of the world. They reflect and report the trends and happening from all parts of the world. Usually, they cover every aspects of life- national, international, local, social, political, cultural etc. Reading English Newspaper can improve EFL students ability of vocabulary and the skill of reading. But it doesnt mean that they need to look over the all content in the newspapers. First, they can find the topics they are interested. Then, just read these topics they scan. They also dont finish every paragraph of them. If the content is really interesting for students read it thoroughly. So they may get good mood to read what they are interested. Gradually, they are able to absorb many kinds of new information and have good storage of vocabulary. Language teachers can use the newspaper as an effective tool for demonstrating the concepts of reading and writing, as well as the structure of the English language. Using newspapers in this way helps students see realistic examples of the practical applications of grammar and comprehension that they can utilize in their reading and writing experiences in and out of the classroom. It is an observation in Pakistan that when we analyse the content of English newspapers we often find such words that are emerged from English into Urdu or other languages due to the culture association or bilingualism. The profession of news reporting and editing is totally about interpretation of words and phrases. One cannot interpret it until he has command over news language as well as general language. Where English enjoys a very prestigious status in Pakistan, It is essential that Pakistani news reporter and editors function effectively in English. This research presents an analysis of language conversion in Pakistani English newspapers due to culture association or bilingualism. Based on the empirical data from Pakistani English newspapers and magazines, this research aims to show the English words that have been converted into Urdu or other local languages of Pakistan. It also presents the brief overview of the use of English as a non-native variety. This research suggests that variations and changes in a language are an integral part of bilingualism and multilingualism. This research centers on the variations in the English language due to language conversion in Pakistan and also shows the significant role of the Urdu and other local languages in the formation of Pakistani English. Only those features that are found as a result of conversion have been discussed. In this research, only that data has been taken into account where Urdu phrases and clauses have been used. This research is interested in describing different aspects of language change in English when used in a non-native context i.e. Pakistan. First and foremost a great deal of interest has been generated in the English language as a result of its spread around the world and its use as an international language. Now-a-days English has become a global language. English is used all over the world by millions of native and non-native speakers because of its dominant position. There are approximately 430 million L2 users and 330 million L1 users. So the non-native speakers use English more than the natives ones. Being an international language, it is used almost in all the countries of the world. When people started using English in non-native contexts because of its growing popularity, it developed as a transplanted language. Its prevalence and power in Pakistan is growing very much. For many Pakistanis, English has become not only a practical necessity but also the language of opportunity; social prestige, power, success as well as social superiority. Such power is vividly seen in Pakistan where people tend to switch from Urdu to English to create special effect. Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and one of the two official languages of Pakistan. It is the most important language of literacy in the country. In Pakistan, Urdu-English conversion is a common characteristic of educated Pakistani bilinguals. Conversion occurs when two languages come in contact. English has assumed a linguistic and cultural identity of its own. This identity manifests itself throughout the language at the word level, the phrase level and the sentence level. It is the natural consequence of its regular contact with the Urdu language. A large number of borrowings from Urdu and the regional languages of Pakistan have entered in Pakistani English. Urdu-English conversion at the level of the phrase and clause is available; this research is likely to bridge the gap. The conversion data in this research focuses on the use of Urdu phrases and clauses in the English newspapers. The data has been collected from the following printed Pakistani English newspaper and magazines: 1. Dawn (daily) (Lahore) 2. The news Statement of the Problem: This research is based on the analysis of English newspaper and to check the frequency of words occurred in Urdu or other local languages. Objective of the Study: This study aims to find out the words of other Pakistani languages that have been occurred in English newspaper, in Daily Dawn and The news. To compare the common words occurred in both newspapers. Significance of Study: This study of newspaper provides us a thorough survey to what extent the Urdu words have been used in English newspapers. This is a beneficial research for language improvement of policy makers, teachers, students and assessment institutions. Limitation: We have studied thoroughly the reasonable amount of English newspaper Dawn Daily Lahore and The News. We have classified the section of newspaper. On the basis of this classification we have checked the frequency of the Urdu words occurred in English. Delimitation: We have studied ten newspapers of both Daily Dawn and The News on daily basis due to the time cost constraints and because they are the oldest source of information. Design of Study: This study is qualitative in nature. It is based on the Meta analysis of newspaper. The use of this method is appropriate with the purpose of this study. Research is conducted while using qualitative approach. Because the result of the data analyze is in the descriptive phenomenon such as words and sentences.

Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Diabetic foot disorders are the rated as the number one cause of hospitalisation for diabetic mellitus patients in the United States and abroad. Among these disorders are, foot infection, ulcerations, cellulitis and gangrene. It is estimated that a 100 people per week lose a digit, foot or a lower limb due to diabetes mellitus8. Diabetic foot disorders and its long term complications account for direct medical budget of hundreds of millions of dollars annually, including lengthy hospital stay of patients and lengthened periods of disability. In the UK, diabetes cost the NHS over  £5 million pounds per annum and the cost of diabetic foot complications including amputations was  £252 million in 2003. Figures show that 1 in 10 foot ulcers result in the amputation of a foot or a leg. The most distinguishing foot complication of diabetes is the ulcer, which is of course a major risk factor for amputation. Mortality rates after amputation are as high as 50 percent in diabetic patients. Although the primary pathogenesis is neuropathy, immunopathy and vasculopathy (ischemia), diabetic foot ulcer is attributed to a number of other risk factors. Early detection of these risk factors as well as the foot ulcers themselves is crucial in the general management of diabetic foot ulcers and amputation prevention. Therefore, immediate and aggressive treatment of all diabetic foot ulcers can prevent worsening of the complication and the need for amputation. The objective of treatment as a result should be prompt intervention to allow good healing of the ulcer and once healed, to prevent its recurrence. However, the optimum care for foot ulcers rest upon the treatment teams understanding of the pathophysiology associated with diabetic foot ulcers, familiarity with current methods of treatment and the concept that the multidisciplinary team approach is the gold standard in preventing limb amputation. And above all, prevention of foot lesions should be ranked highest amongst all priorities. EPIDERMIOLOGY There is no concrete data illustrating the true picture of the incidence and prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers. However, majority of the information gathered about its aetiology is based upon national hospital discharge survey (NHDS) data, which does not include a vast number of patients with ulcerations treated on the outpatient basis. Cross-sectional and population-based studies help to approximate the distribution and frequency of diabetic foot ulcers, while prospective cohort studies and retrospective case-control studies are instrumental in detecting associated risk factors for the foot lesions. According to Reiber et als epidemiological review, chronic ulcers represented 2.7% of all diabetes related admissions and 46% of all admissions due to any ulcer condition. The 1983-1990 NHDS survey also revealed that the highest ulcer rates were found in individuals aged 45-64 years, with male preponderance over the female. The average length of stay (LOS) for diabetes pat ients discharged with ulcers was 59% more than in patients without ulcers, around 14 and 8 days, respectively. Numerous population-based studies record a yearly incidence of diabetic foot ulcers in the magnitude of 2% 3% in both type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients, while the prevalence ranges between 4% and 10%. These studies also suggest a widespread trend for higher prevalence of ulcerations with increasing age and duration of diabetes. Once ulcerations have occurred, recurrence rate can get to 50% in 2 years and 70% in 5 years. Despite the fact that mortality linked with diabetic foot ulcerations has not been recorded, 70% to 80% of amputations of the lower extremity can be lead by foot ulcers. Amputation is one of the most common sequels in persons with diabetes mellitus now exceeds 100,000 per year in the United States and amputations involving the leg, foot or toe(s) are not uncommon. Approximately 15% of patients with diabetic foot u lceration will require amputations due to uncontrolled infection, gangrene or failure of the ulcers to heal. Unfortunately, there is a 3-year survival rate of 50% after the amputation of a lower limb, while the 5-year survival rate is approximately 40%. Subsequently, less than half of the patients who end up with lower extremity amputation (LEA) of one limb go on to develop a severe contralateral ulcer within a space of 2 years, thereby putting the future of the other limb at risk as well. AETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Several factors have been implicated in association with diabetic foot ulcers. These factors include the intrinsic complications of diabetes mellitus in affiliation with some extrinsic factors and together predispose the diabetic patient to the risk of developing foot lesions. The trilogy of peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease (ischemia) and susceptibility to infection (immunopathy) are the main predisposing factors for lesions on the foot. The impact of peripheral neuropathy may not be easily detectable, with little or no signs and symptoms. Notwithstanding, its pathology advances fast and the end stage of tissue necrosis quickly reached. Distal sensory neuropathy can be seen in 20% to 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes. This decreases the protective sensation in the feet, leading to abnormal spreading of foot pressure and shear stresses with subsequent callus formation. This in turn diminishes the patients ability to perceive minor trauma to the foot and this is de monstrable by vibration perception threshold (VPT) and insensitivity to a 10g monofilament, which conveys a 7-fold and 18-fold risk of foot ulceration respectively. Distal motor neuropathy precedes atrophy of the intrinsic and extrinsic musculature of the foot, with accompanying deformities of the toes and metatarsals heads on the plantar aspects of both feet and consequent bunions on the 1st and 5th metatarsal-phalangeal joints. However, these irregularities of the feet cause an increase in the foot pressures, particularly around the bony prominences, thus resulting in more calluses forming. These calluses then go on to further increase the local subcutaneous pressure, ultimately resulting into haemorrhage beneath the callus, a lesion known as the pre-ulcer is then formed. With progressive pressure mounting on the pre-ulcer, the overriding skin breaks down to produce an ulcer. In addition, distal autonomic neuropathy could as well spark a plantar ulcer directly by reducing sweating in the feet with consequent drying and cracking of the skin28.Peripheral arterial disease and impaired cutaneous circulation are also important risk factors for both ulcerations and LEA. Peripheral arterial ischemia sometimes produces ischemic ulcers, but these are rare occurrences i.e. (1% 2% incidence) than neuropathic ulcers (65%) or combined neuroischaemic ulcers (25%) 28. Transcutaneous oxygen tension (Tc pO2) levels less than 30mmHg and absence of peripheral pulses or past history of vascular surgery are strong separate predictors of ulceration. Diabetic foot infections often set in and complicate already settled foot ulcers. Although, infections play an integral part in the pathway to lower limb amputation, there is inconclusive data with regards to the position of susceptibility to infection in causing ulceration. Even though, most ulcers are caused by minor foot trauma, and in some cases the patient takes no notice of because of the sensory neuropathy. These minor injuries (i.e. extrinsic factors which include; wearing ill-fitting/brand new shoes, hot soaks occupational hazards and to a lesser extent self-induced trauma by cutting toe nails or calluses) constitute the leading cause of acute precipitant of diabetic foot ulcers. In addition, there are also a number of intrinsic factors which could predispose diabetics to developing foot ulcers and they include; longstanding diabetes, past history of ulcers or amputation, age, weight, retinopathy, nephropathy and structural deformities of the foot (i.e. Charcot foot) have al l been associated as risk factors for ulcerations. However, bad biomechanical function arising from the complications of diabetes generally leads to foot injuries in most diabetic patient. ASSESSMENT OF DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS A detailed and well organised evaluation of the lower extremities is crucial when commencing the treatment of a diabetic foot ulcer. Before carrying out the physical examination of the limbs, it is noteworthy to perform a quick inspection of the patients shoes for good fit, foreign objects and the wear and tear patterns. The clinical evaluation must include an appropriate assessment of the ulcers aetiology, its extent and depth, presence and severity of both local and systemic infection and peripheral vascular status. A comprehensive assessment of the patients general health and glycaemic control, extent of peripheral neuropathy, a careful, yet detailed dermatologic and musculoskeletal examination should also be included in the evaluation. These assessments determine the ulcers healing rate, potential progression to LEA, and the likelihood of reoccurrence. Therefore, they should be accomplished urgently in the ambulatory or hospital setting and require a multidisciplinary team approach, with possible consults to the infectious disease specialist, podiatry, vascular and orthopaedic surgeons. Bilateral lower limb pulses must be examined. When pulses are diminished or not palpable, Doppler segmental pressures to the toes or TcpO2 measurement are indicated and the vascular experts should be brought on broad. The neurological evaluation should assess the patients sensorium and deep tendon reflexes. The ankle and knee reflexes are tested with the aid of a simple neurological hammer, while the important aspects in the evaluation of the sensorium are: reduced sensation to pain, light touch, hot/cold and vibratory sensation. Pain sensation is easily assessed with a disposable needle. A piece of cotton ball, lambs wool or 10-g monofilament can be used to evaluate the light touch and a 128-Hz or 512-Hz tuning fork or biothesiometer are approved for vibratory evaluation. Cold perception is also assessed by submerging the metal arm of a neurological hammer into cold water and then placing it against the patients skin. Anatomical deformities such as hammertoes, previous foot amputation, or Charcot joints often produce high pressure areas which result in ulceration. The musculoskeletal evaluation cannot be done by visual inspection of structural findings alone, it must also include testing for muscle strength, weakness, atrophy and contracture. Assessment of joint range of movement and gait evaluation with computerised plantar pressure analysis will also be of great value in appreciating the abnormal dysfunction contributing to ulceration. Examination of the skin of both feet is also carried out with detailed attention to the quality and integrity of the skin around the interdigital areas. Changes in the colour of the skin often associated with spotted rashes and heel fissures are suggestive of a significant level of ischemia. Toenail changes and presence of subungual drainage are pointers to a proximal source of infection. Clinical assessment of the ulcer should include a detailed description of its appearance as well as the measurement of the ulcers diameter with a wound measuring guide. Outlines of the ulcer on a translucent film or plastic sheet can also promote this process. This must be documented and retraced at subsequent visits to assess the treatment process. The depth and extent of the wound should be carefully explored with a blunt sterile probe. Special care must be taken to probe for hidden sinus tracts and subcutaneous abscesses or to identify tendon, bone or muscle or joint involvement. Ulcer depth is a significant predictor of healing rate, possibility of concurrent osteomyelitis and the chances for amputation. The presence of infection is a huge cause of the need for hospitalization. Therefore, a general assessment with physical examination, laboratory investigations and radiographic studies is important in classifying infection as absent, mild, moderate or severe. This classification acts as a guide to determine or select the initial antibiotic therapy and to decide when to hospitalise the patient. Clinical signs of infection such as purulent discharge, odour, cellulitis, fever and leucocytosis must be documented. However, Leucocytosis and fever might not always be noticeable even in the presence of acute osteomyelitis. Approximately 54% of patients with diabetic foot infections had normal white blood cell count and no fever44. Bacteria cultures of anaerobes and aerobes (both gram positive and gram negative) should be obtained from the base of the ulcer, bone or blood or from all three depending on the clinical setting. This helps in clarifying the true hidden pathogens and may facilitate the decision to adjust initial antibiotic therapy. Physical examination of signs of infection in the patient centers on the presence or absence of systemic responses such as fever, tachycardia, sweats or hypotension and the appearance of the wound and adjacent tissues. Early signs of infection are evident by increased amount of exudates from the wound, base of the ulcer changes from pink granulation to yellowish- grey tissue, tenderness and induration around the ulcer. Infection should be considered severe when the patient present with systemic toxicity, signs of fascilitis or a rim of erythema around the ulcer greater than 2cm in diameter. Laboratory investigation to confirm the presence of infection should include white blood cell count and differential which could show leucocytosis or a shift to the left or both, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) which when elevated above 40mm/hr is a strong indicator of osteomyelitis28. In addition, glucose, bicarbonates and creatinine levels are tested to rule out possible hyperglycaemia, metabolic acidosis or azotemia from dehydration which strongly suggest the presence of a severe infection. Radiological evaluation should be obtained promptly to ascertain the presence of fractures, foreign objects or signs of osteomyelitis. Plain x-rays have a low sensitivity, thus they should be interpreted with caution as changes in the foot caused by Charcot foot could mirror those osteomyelitis when seen on a plain x-ray. However, a normal plain x-ray of the foot does not rule out osteomyelitis, a repeat should be requested 2 weeks later to exclude occult osteomyelitis. As indicated, other imaging modalities can aid in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis such as CT scans, magnetic resonance scan (MRI) or leukocyte scans and each having their own strengths and limitations. TREATMENT Management of the foot ulcer is mostly determined by its severity, vascularity and the presence of infection1. Recognition of its root cause will serve as a guide during the course of treatment. However, a multidisciplinary team consisting of specialist from podiatry, orthopaedic surgery, vascular surgery, the infectious disease service and diabetic education service should be involved in the management. The multidisciplinary team approach is due to the complicated nature of the disease itself as well as managing the various comorbidities associated with foot ulcers. In addition, the approach has been demonstrated in clinical trials to produce significant outcomes in terms of improvement and reduce the incidence of major amputations. The wound should be immediately relieved of all pressures, elevated and rested at first presentation. Effective local wound care must be carried out and ill- fitting footwear should be discarded and replaced with appropriate surgical or relief shoes for protection. And in cases where total nonweightbearing with crutches is impossible, a pressure felt padding or foam can be used in the surgical shoes. However, the total contact cast (TCC) is considered gold standard to protect neuropathic ulceration during ambulation due to its ability to eliminate high pressure areas under the foot. Adequate alternatives to the TCC are the Scotchcast Boot or removable walking braces. Treatment of hyperglycaemia, ketoacidosis, renal insufficiency and other comorbidities that may coincide in the ulcerated patient should be treated simultaneously with the foot lesion. Consultations to internal medicine, endocrinology and cardiology are generally frequent when managing acutely infected patient who need to be hospitalised. Such consultations are usually sought early in course of treatment to ensure good metabolic control. Diabetic foot infections are usually polymicrobial and as such initial antibiotic therapy should be broad-spectrum after obtaining good aerobics and anaerobic culture samples. Antibiotic therapy should be later modified according to the culture and sensitivity test and the patients clinical response to the initial therapy. Surgical debridement and drainage or local partial amputations are crucial adjuncts to antibiotic therapy. Underlying osteomyelitis usually present in moderate to severe infections and often requires aggressive bony resection of infected bone and joints accompanied by cultured -directed antibiotics for 4 6 weeks. Foot ulcer patients with underlying ischemia should undergo revascularization with angioplasty or vascular bypass procedure if its anatomically possible. Even with severe distal arterial obstruction, revascularization to return pulsation to the foot is a major part of the limb-salvage strategy and may be accomplished in such patients. However, where revascularization is not feasible or in cases of advanced infection or extensive necrosis, amputation at some level may be required. Wound care is also necessary after surgical or sharp debridement of all callus and necrotic tissue58. Practically, a warm, moist environment conducive for wound healing should be maintained.This can be arranged using saline wet/dry dressings or special dressings such as semipermeable films, hydrogels, calcium alginates and hydrocolloids. Tissue-engineering dermis is a more recent class of biologic dressing and has been tested to be more effective than saline dressings. There is little evidence to support the role of topical enzymes and should be avoided. Although the role of topical growth factors in the healing rate of ulcers is beneficial, however, they are expensive and should be limited to patients whose ulcers cease to improve after 4-6 weeks of adequate therapy. PREVENTION OF RECURRENCE AND AMPUTATION Prevention is regarded as a major aspect in avoiding ulcer relapse and diabetic lower limb amputation. Recurrence rate with diabetic foot ulcers and LEA are as high as 50% -70% over three years. Comprehensive intervention programs tailored to individual patients can lower these rates and can be accomplished with a multidisciplinary team approach. Control of both macrovascular and microvascular risk factors is also of great importance. Patient education and re-education plays a primary, yet active role in this program and involves instruction in foot hygiene, the need for daily inspection, proper footwear and the necessity of prompt treatment of new lesions. In addition, regular and frequent visit to a diabetic foot care program is crucial. The feet must be thoroughly inspected at every visit and should include debridement of calluses and ingrown toenails. This provides an excellent opportunity to back up self care behaviour as well as allowing early detection of new or imminent foot problems. Appropriate therapeutic footwear with pressure-relieving insoles and high toe box which protect the high risk foot are an essential element of the prevention program and have been associated with significant reductions in ulcer development. Subsequently, patients with major structural deformities may benefit from reconstructive surgery to prevent recurrent foot ulcers. Surgery may be especially suitable in patients who cannot be accommodated in therapeutic footwear. And because patients with healed ulcers are at risk for future ulceration, these preventive measures must be integrated into a long life strategy and treatment program. CONCLUSION Diabetic foot ulcerations, infections, gangrene and lower extremity amputations (LEA) are major causes of disability to patients with diabetes mellitus. And these often results in extensive periods of hospitalisation, substantial morbidity and mortality. Although not all such lesions can be prevented, it is certainly possible to reduce their incidence by proper management and prevention programs. A multidisciplinary team approach to diabetic foot disorders has been regularly proven to be the best method in achieving favorable rates of limb salvage in this high risk population. Foot care programs accentuating preventive management can reduce the incidence of foot ulceration through modification of self care practices, appropriate evaluation of risk factors and formulation of treatment protocols directed at patient education/re-education, early intervention, limb preservation and prevention of new lesions. The joint team of medical, surgical, rehabilitative and footwear specialist shou ld impart effective and coordinated services for acutely infected or ischemic inpatients as well as management for the outgoing patients. In general, the incidence and morbidity of diabetic limb amputations can be reduced if the above principles are embraced and integrated into everyday patient management protocol.

Edgar Allen Poes The Cask Of Amontillado Essay -- essays research pap

Edgar Allen Poe's, "The Cask Of Amontillado," is a between two enemies. It humorously portrays the foil of Fortunato, as he is led through the catacombs. Poe's humour is dark, sarcastic and very ironic, which quickly becomes a signpost of the tale. Poe sets himself apart from other authors in his works, based on how he depicts and encounters death. It accentuates the notion that at times, your worst enemy will appear as your best friend. Pride is the downfall of every man and the same can be said for witty and daring tale fortunato. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† starts out with Montresor, the narrator, saying, â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could; but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge.† Simply by reading the first sentence of the story, it is easy to see that Montresor is vengeful and plans to get â€Å"revenge† on Fortunato and there is a lot more to come in the story. Montresor also has a coat of arms which is, â€Å"A huge human foot d’or, in a field azure; the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose fangs are imbedded in the heel,† with a motto of, â€Å"Nemo me impune lacessit,† which stands for no one attacks me with impunity. The coat of arms and the family motto both suggest retribution. The arms symbolize Montresor and Fortunato, Fortunato stepping on Montresor, the snake, and Montresor getting even with Fortunato, the foot. Not only is Montresor vengeful, he is also very intelligent in his actions. In order to bring Fortunato into the wine cellars, Montresor had to make sure that â€Å"there were no attendants at home.† Montresor tells the reader, â€Å"They had absconded to make merry in honor of the time. I had told them that I should not return until the morning, and had given explicit orders not to stir from the house. These orders were sufficient; I well knew, to insure their immediate disappearance, one and all, as soon as my back was turned.† Montresor knew that by telling his servants that he would be gone until the morning they would go to the carnival whether he had told them to stay home or not. Montresor was also a mason and used his skill and intelligence to seal the fate of Fortunato. Montresor had hid building stone and mortar in the cellar under a pile of bones, and had carried a trowel with him. He did such a good job sealing the niche in the wall, where Fortunato stood chained, and replacing the bones that, â€Å"Fo... ...ine, to lead him to his own death. Fortunato is an Italian friend of Montresor's, and his sworn enemy, whom Montresor has planned to ‘‘punish with impunity. ‘‘Although Montresor's explains that Fortunato has committed a "thousand injuries’’ and a final "insult," no details of these offences are given. Fortunato displays no uneasiness in Montresor's company, and is unaware that his friend is plotting against him. Fortunato, a respected and feared man, is a proud connoisseur of fine wine, and, at least on the night of the story, he clouds his senses and judgment by drinking too much of it. What ever Fortunato had done to Montresor or his family must have been so unforgivable to make Montresor do such an evil deed. I believe that Poe is using the old saying keep your friends close but your enemies closer My conclusion to the story â€Å"the cask of amontillado† is that Poe creates a story that makes you want to read on find out if Montressor will succeed in his crime and will he get away with it?. The writer uses very good atmosphere to captivate the reader and make the scene feel chilling and scary. Poe creates a nightmare, guaranteed to give the reader a sleepless night.